In February 1967, Zakhar Trubakov, a workshop foreman at the Kyiv enterprise "Svitanok", was summoned for interrogation by the Prosecutor's Office of the Ukrainian SSR. Zakhar Abramovich was known to the investigation as one of the few prisoners of the Syrets concentration camp who managed to escape from Babi Yar. In 1943, the Germans forced Trubakov and other prisoners of the Syrets concentration camp to cover up the traces of their crimes: to destroy the bodies of Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, and patients of the Kirillovskaya mental hospital who were shot in Babi Yar. The Soviet prosecutor's office was in a hurry: after several decades, criminals who had committed terrible atrocities were still at large. Many, mostly ordinary executors, were caught by the KGB, but the big shots were mainly called to account by Western law enforcement agencies, who turned to the USSR for help. The work on catching the murderers had to be completed.
According to Zakhar Trubakov, out of the prisoners who escaped with him on the night of September 28-29, 1943, 8 people were still alive in 1967. All of them were ready to confirm his words about the atrocities committed by order of SS Sturmbannführer Paul Otto von Radomski, an insatiable beast who had been imprisoned for murder in Hamburg even before the war. The witness Trubakov remembered everything in detail and seriously helped the investigation. Here is his story in brief.
Zakhar Abramovich Trubakov was born in the town of Surazh in the Bryansk region in 1912. When Zyama was not even a year old, his parents - Avrum-Meer Trubakov and Hanna Krichevskaya, with Zyama's sister Berta, brothers Leva, Leiba, Naum and Mulya moved to a Jewish settlement, a suburb of Kyiv. They were driven to a large city by need: the tailor Avrum-Meer Trubakov did not get up from behind the sewing machine, but he could not pull the family out of poverty. During the Civil War, the Trubakovs almost died from a pogrom. They were saved only by the profession of the head of the family, which was useful for the Denikinites.
With the arrival of the Bolsheviks in Kyiv, the pogroms ended, but life was still hard. When Zyama turned ten, his father passed away. The mother barely kept the family afloat, so the children had to work from an early age. He did not like to remember his childhood and youth until the end of his days.
On the eve of the Soviet-German war, Zakhar Abramovich was a married man. He worked as a foreman for cold and hot metal processing at a secret enterprise - plant No. 225 in Kyiv. At the very beginning of the war, the plant, producing military products, was hastily evacuated from the Ukrainian capital to Izhevsk. However, the Trubakovs could not get out of the city. Anya, Zakhar Abramovich's wife, was in the hospital after a serious operation.
In September 1941, the front approached Kyiv. The most far-sighted people besieged the train station, trying to get to the rear, although the majority of the population continued to believe the Soviet propaganda, which promised that Kyiv would never be surrendered to the Germans. But the Soviet troops left the city. Explosions were heard and fires raged in Kyiv, and an anxious silence reigned among the population.
After the hospital closed, Trubakov moved his sick wife and two-year-old daughter Svetlana to Solomenka, where his mother-in-law, Daria Petrovna, lived. The Germans were already in full control of the city. On the morning of September 28, 1941, Zakhar Abramovich saw leaflets pasted on poles. Made with a large number of errors, the papers began with the phrase: "All J-ws of the city of Kyiv and its environs must appear on Monday, September 29, 1941 at 8 o'clock in the morning at the corner of Melnik and Doktorskaya streets (near the cemeteries)...". There was a rumor that the Jews were going to be evacuated somewhere - maybe even to Palestine.
But during this month, other rumors had mysteriously leaked into the city - for example, that in the previously captured Minsk, the Germans had staged a wild Jewish pogrom. The next day, Trubakov saw a huge crowd of Jews walking in the direction of Melnik Street. Jumping out of the entrance, he joined the crowd, in which he saw many acquaintances. Trying to dissuade them, Zakhar Abramovich ran into a wall of misunderstanding. People said that they had nowhere to go with their children, others asked to stop the panic, saying that the Germans were taking them to work. The people of Kyiv could not believe that the cultured and advanced Germany could have brought up a generation eager to take revenge on the whole world, and especially on some mythical "international Jewry". Having reached almost the very barrier that had grown up on Pugachev Street, Trubakov saw how people were being taken under guard by soldiers with dogs. They were dressed in dark green uniforms, and the Germans' headgear was decorated with strange cockades with skulls depicted on them. The Nazis did not let the people who went behind the barrier back out. Trubakov got out of the crowd and went home. Moving a short distance away, he heard barely distinguishable shots. Obviously, something terrible was happening in the area of the ravine in Babi Yar.
The occupiers had no claims against Trubakov's wife, a Ukrainian. But he, a Jew who remained in the occupied city, had to make a "fake": his passport was taken away at the very beginning of the war, when he was digging trenches, and in his union card he was not Zyama, but Zakhar – in the Ukrainian manner. In her husband's military card, Anya carefully cut out the page that indicated his nationality.
As new "Aryans", the Trubakovs managed to settle in a new housing on Saksaganskogo Street instead of the apartment taken away "for the needs of the Wehrmacht". A "new order" was being actively imposed in Kyiv: without any embarrassment, the occupiers shot wounded Red Army soldiers right on the streets. Once the Trubakovs saw a completely horrific murder of an old man who could not clear a street blockage. An SS man beat him with a shovel and then finished him off with a pistol shot.
Zakhar Abramovich was afraid to register at the labor exchange, but he had to obey the janitor appointed by the new authorities as the house manager. "Mr. Trubakov, when will you go to the labor exchange?" asked the Nazi lackey, looking suspiciously at the new tenant. Having registered as a metalworker, Trubakov decided to disguise himself even more thoroughly. He and his wife staged a real theater at home: they hung an icon and put a portrait of Hitler in a prominent place. Seeing such "law-abidingness", the janitor had no more questions for them.
It was dangerous for a Jew to live in a city where many people knew him. No matter how hard Zakhar Abramovich and his wife tried to keep a low profile, nothing came of it. Once, having met his old acquaintance and invited her to visit, the first thing Trubakov heard was: "Zyama, so you are hiding here in Kyiv? It's dangerous!..". He persuaded the acquaintance to keep quiet, but she still blabbed about the meeting to her mother. And the woman, whose husband was fighting in the Red Army, immediately wrote a denunciation to the Gestapo...
Meanwhile, the Germans demanded through the house manager that all residents make identity cards for themselves. When receiving his "ausweis" from the passport commission, Zakhar Trubakov again aroused suspicion of the janitor, who almost jumped when he heard the patronymic "Abramovich". If it were not for Zakhar's Slavic appearance, and most importantly - the Orthodox calendar, in which the house manager, to his surprise, found a suspicious name - there would have been trouble.
Life in occupied Kyiv was hungry. To feed his family, Zakhar Abramovich had to ride a bicycle found in a new apartment to villages where peasants willingly exchanged things for food. He mainly traded in pieces of fabric that were left at home by his cousin Lyuba, who had fled to the east with her husband, a well-known tailor in Kyiv.
Any such trip could end tragically for him. Once, returning from the Belotserkovsky direction, Zakhar Abramovich came face to face with a policeman who unexpectedly emerged from around the corner. The Nazi lackey turned out to be a former worker from factory No. 225, named Soroka. Trubakov turned pale with horror, but fortunately they worked in different workshops, and the policeman only knew his "Russian" surname, not his suspicious first name and patronymic. After chatting about this and that, the former colleagues went their separate ways. Another time, moving by bicycle in the very center of Kyiv, in Khreshchatyk, Zakhar Abramovich heard a woman's shout: "Zyama! Wait, Zyama!". It was the storekeeper of his workshop, energetically waving her hands at Trubakov. The unexpected meeting did not become fatal only by a lucky chance: there were no policemen nearby.
Soon they came for him after all. "Come on, take off your clothes," the investigator ordered at the police station where the detainee was taken. Zakhar Abramovich quickly dropped his pants. "Take off your underwear too!". Realizing that he was on the brink of death, Trubakov began to take them off slowly. The guard noticed this and immediately hit Trubakov in the groin. The investigator, who conducted the physical search, obviously noticed traces of circumcision, but suddenly stunned Trubakov with his verdict: "According to his natural passport, he is not a Jew!". Returning home, Zakhar Abramovich, who had recovered from the shock, asked the elderly Russian German "Volksdeutsche" who escorted him about the reasons for his detention. "You write to each other, and then we have to sort it out..." the German grumbled. This was how the Nazis reacted to the denunciation written by the mother of an acquaintance.
Zakhar Trubakov decided to go to the forest. It was difficult to find partisan liaisons, not to mention the danger of such an enterprise, but he managed to achieve his goal. Trubakov was assigned a meeting on January 20, 1943, at his mother-in-law's apartment. At the appointed time, a man really came there, whom Trubakov brought to his friend, the Jew Leonid Doliner, who also remained in the city. The liaison introduced himself in Ukrainian as Yurko. In appearance, the man resembled a Jew, but he spoke German fluently and, according to him, was listed as a "Volksdeutsche" by the Germans. He refused to answer some of the questions asked, but set a date for his friends to go to the forest – February 5, 1943. In Fastov, a certain lieutenant of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was supposed to join their group.
Two days before leaving for the partisans, on February 3, Zakhar Trubakov went by bicycle for food to Belaya Tserkov. Upon returning, he found two strangers in civilian clothes at home who presented certificates of agents of the city police. Under the muzzles of pistols, which they hid in the pockets of their raincoats, the "cops" took the arrested man to the police building on Korolenko Street.
After spending the night in a prison cell, Trubakov was brought in for interrogation in the morning. In a spacious office sat four people, one of whom, a very young man, kindly addressed Trubakov: "Well, Zakhar, tell me, with whom and where were you going to leave?". Having failed to get a clear answer from Trubakov, the young investigator and his colleagues began to beat out testimony by force. Trubakov continued to remain silent. Then there was a face-to-face confrontation: the arrested Leonid Doliner was brought into the office. It was difficult to recognize the bloodied Doliner, but he stated from the doorway that he was seeing Trubakov for the first time. Doliner was beaten again until he fainted, but he did not want to supplement his testimony in any way. Nevertheless, the investigation was perfectly aware of the comrades' plans to flee to the forest. Trubakov quickly understood where the policemen learned the details: black from beatings, the same "Yurko" was brought to the investigator's office. He immediately recognized Zakhar Abramovich as a person who was going to flee to the partisans. "I see him for the first time, Mr. Investigator," Trubakov insisted. Again, physical violence was used. Zakhar Abramovich did not remember how the first interrogation ended – he came to his senses already in the cell.
After interrogations at the police, Zakhar Trubakov and other detainees were taken to the Gestapo. Already in the Gestapo cell, Yurko, who was dying from beatings, said that he accidentally caught the eye of police agents while having breakfast in the buffet of the Jewish market. After long tortures in the police, he agreed to show where Trubakov and Doliner lived, hoping in this way to get out of prison and escape. He didn't manage to leave - the agents kept holding him by the arms all the time - but it turns out he gave people away.
One night, the partisan liaison died. He was lucky to die in a cell, and not in a gas van on wheels, on which the inhabitants of cell No. 14 were regularly sent for a "ride". Trubakov was transferred to this "death row" on February 17, 1943. Together with him, two more Jews were transferred to cell No. 14: Leonid Doliner and a teenager from Voronezh, Misha Korshun. Having filled out some cards for the prisoners, the Nazis led them out into the prison yard and put them in a covered truck lined with galvanized iron inside. The ride was short, and the people who were preparing for death by suffocation felt that the car had stopped. Getting out of the back of the truck, Trubakov and his comrades saw an area fenced with two rows of barbed wire. Between them, bare wires were stretched through which a high voltage current was passed. But what stunned Zakhar Abramovich the most was something else: on one of the buildings, the Germans hung a real skull with two human bones crossed under it.
It was the Syrets concentration camp, located five kilometers from Kyiv. After filtration by nationality, a "Volksdeutsche" named Rostislav approached the Jews and said that they would have to work a lot and well. Moreover, the briefing was conducted right at the gallows, on which a bluish corpse was swaying. After the bath and sanitary treatment, the prisoners were distributed among large dugouts. Zakhar Trubakov, Leonid Doliner and Misha Korshun found themselves in the so-called "Yid" dugout No. 2. Among its two hundred inhabitants there were not only Jews, but the name was firmly entrenched for it.
Zakhar Abramovich unexpectedly met his cousin - the hairdresser Kiva Krichevsky, a man who hid his nationality. Kiva, who became Lenya in the camp, said that only four Germans were operating in the concentration camp: the deputy head - a Galbführer, a Rotführer nicknamed "Red", an interpreter Ivan Rein and the main one - an SS man named von Radomski. The rest were Sudeten Germans or Russian Volksdeutsche. The guards consisted of policemen. Oddly enough, according to Krichevsky, the foremen and centurions - convicted criminals - were the most brutal in the camp. Another acquaintance of Trubakov was also in the camp - Yurko Pavlovsky, a former colleague at the factory, who was on duty that day. Pavlovsky, who did not know about the Jewish origin of Zakhar Abramovich, even deigned to say hello to his "colleague", but immediately robbed him. Other prisoners did not advise arguing with the camp centurion Pavlovsky, so Trubakov had to part with his excellent Polish pair of boots. In return, he received some junk and a piece of bread.
Working on earthworks was hellishly difficult, but the prisoners of the Syrets death camp held on as best they could. Show weakness - and you will immediately get a bullet from von Radomski's "Browning". Doliner was soon transferred to construction, Misha Korshun – to the easier uprooting of stumps, and Zakhar Abramovich himself got into a group that was engaged in draining the swamp.
All the time Zakhar Trubakov unsuccessfully tried to send a message to his wife. But once, walking in a line through the city, he managed to throw a note on the ground and shouted to a woman with a child passing by: "Girl, look, someone lost a piece of paper. Pick it up and give it to your mother." The mother told the girl to pick up the note and give it to her.
One fine day, working on the outskirts of the city, Zakhar Abramovich saw his wife Anya and his brother-in-law, Viktor Ivanov, approaching him. As it turned out later, he got a job in the police as a glazier, and he was given a uniform. The guard named Shevchenko did not drive the visitors away, but advised them to put the food parcel near the bushes. The same policeman later advised him to switch to construction work, where it was easier to receive parcels, and the work itself was easier. Leonid Doliner quickly taught Trubakov the carpentry business. At the construction site, it was really calmer, and the moonshine brought by Anya as a bribe to the foreman and policemen allowed the husband and wife to talk for the first time.
But the situation in the camp was getting more and more tense every day. Von Radomski no longer went home without shooting two or three people a day. Once, when accepting new prisoners, the SS man and his henchmen saw a young woman, the wife of some partisan commander, holding a baby in her arms. They were immediately killed. Another time, having caught a young guy trying to escape from the camp, the Nazis entrusted the foreman Moroz with a responsible mission - to hang the fugitive in front of the line. A great lover of moonshine, enjoying his petty power, Ivan Moroz immediately carried out the order of the owners. The legendary football players of Kyiv "Dynamo", who beat the teams of Germans and Hungarians with a crushing score, also died before Zakhar's eyes. He especially remembered the Dynamo goalkeeper Nikolai Trusevich, who shouted "Long live Soviet sport!" just before the execution. In the spring of 1943, von Radomski came up with another mockery: all the outer clothing was taken away from the prisoners. This was done so that the prisoners would die even faster.
But all this could not compare with the death of Zakhar Trubakov's ward - a teenager Misha Korshunov. For the sake of laughter, the cruelest foreman named Maykobog forced the boy to climb a tall tree, which, laughing at the top of his lungs, he ordered the prisoners to cut down. Misha, who was still alive and fell from a great height with the tree, was buried in a pit. When he regained consciousness, one of the policemen cut off the boy's head right in the pit.
Meanwhile, in the German newspapers, in which relatives wrapped parcels for prisoners, there was more and more talk about "straightening the front line." The prisoners immediately realized that the Germans called their retreat from the territory of Ukraine by this euphemism. A kind of headquarters was formed in the camp: the prisoners began to prepare for an escape.
However, they did not have time to think through all the details when the Germans received information from one of their informants about the preparations of the prisoners. Suddenly, the camp leadership demanded workers, allegedly for the construction of a house for some general. Many people from the headquarters and the escape group strangely ended up in the construction brigade. No one returned from these "construction works". Then, in August 1943, the chief of staff Arkady Ivanov, underground workers Vladimir Lagoda, Ivan Talalaevsky, Yegor Vedenetsky, Sergey Bestuzhev, Izya Feldman and many others died.
Some time after the death of the underground workers, changes took place in the camp. On the morning of August 18, 1943, high-ranking SS officers arrived at the Syrets camp. After reviewing the file of prisoners, the SS men selected about a hundred former partisans, Jews and communists. Among them was Zakhar Trubakov. Under the muzzles of machine guns, the prisoners were driven to the infamous ravine in Babi Yar. Instead of the expected execution, the entire hundred prisoners were chained and ordered to dig the ground at a certain place. Having dug a deep and wide pit by the evening, the prisoners said goodbye to life, but unexpectedly they were ordered to get out and follow to a large dugout. The next day, the chained people were again driven to dig a pit, but a small, dry SS man who arrived with von Radomski unexpectedly suspended work, pointing to a new place. The Germans were clearly looking for something.
Only on the fourth day, the prisoners of the Syrets camp reached a solid layer. Zakhar felt sick. It was not stones that lay under his feet, but the corpses of people shot in September 1941. Trying to hide their crimes, the Germans specially selected the so-called "team № 1005", which was supposed to exhume the preserved bodies and then burn them.
After the terrible discovery, some of the prisoners were taken to the Jewish cemetery, from where they brought tombstones and iron fences. The dry German, who turned out to be SS Sturmbannführer Erich Tonheide (witnesses knew him as Topaide), marked out a site, which the team lined with slabs and fences in such a way as to create a blast. Directly involved in the extermination of the Jews of Kyiv in 1941, Tonheide was now appointed responsible for the destruction of the remains of the victims. Retrieving the corpses with pikes, hooks and even a "Polik" type excavator, the prisoners laid them in rows, poured oil on them and set them on fire. The platform was ignited simultaneously from four sides. At first, the fire smoked heavily, but then the bodies burned without smoke, while from below, from under the blast, a black thick mass - human fat - flowed into a specially adapted pit. The pit was buried, and the surviving bones were ground and sifted through a grate.
According to Zakhar Trubakov's calculations, during the entire time of the work, the prisoners built about 60 furnaces, on which they burned about 125 thousand corpses. Five furnaces simultaneously blazed in Babi Yar around the clock. Sometimes the burning bodies began to move their limbs. Some prisoners lost their minds or committed suicide from such work.
The SS appointed Zakhar Abramovich and the prisoner Rapoport, who later died, as "goldzukhers": they were forced to look for gold hidden from the murdered, as well as to pull out gold crowns with special tongs.
The open-air crematorium in Babi Yar did not stop functioning until the very end of the occupation of Kyiv. The Red Army was advancing, and the Nazi criminals were trying more and more vigorously to destroy evidence of their atrocities, constantly bringing in more and more doomed people for destruction. Once Zakhar Trubakov had to unload a "gas van" with many naked women. As it turned out, the Germans decided to get rid of the staff of one of the officers' brothels operating on Saksaganskogo Street in such a brutal way.
As soon as their footsteps died down, the door of the dungeon opened. People poured out. When the Nazis came to their senses, they began to fire from a machine gun and other weapons. Zakhar Trubakov ran next to his cousin Kiva Krichevsky and underground worker Georgy Bazhenov. Suddenly the machine gun on the tower fell silent. It turned out that right in the camp yard there was a hand-to-hand fight between the guards and the fugitives. The machine gunner could not choose a target - the desperate doomed men were so tightly grappled with the Nazi demons. Closer to the main entrance, dozens of corpses were already lying. People were struck by bullets by a German who had climbed onto the roof of the dugout. As soon as he began to reload his machine gun, Trubakov was able to run out with his comrades. Outside the fence, the bullets no longer reached, but not far from the Jewish cemetery, the fugitives stumbled upon two armed SS men. A burst rang out, several prisoners fell, and the Germans, confident in their accuracy, ran on. Zakhar Abramovich looked around: Georgy Bazhenov and Kiva Krichevsky were killed, three more were lying nearby. He ran on and soon saw others: Doliner, Kalashnikov, Kuklya, Kaper and Kadomsky. Friends reported that there was barbed wire ahead and it was necessary to look for another way out. Turning to the right, Trubakov and several other people ended up in the courtyard of either a hospital or a factory. Running out through the complex onto a Kyiv street, the prisoners saw a huge number of people. The Germans were hastily evacuating Kyiv, so passers-by advised Trubakov and his comrades to go to the outskirts of the city. Some old man, not afraid of the terrible appearance of the fugitives, led them to Kerosene Street. The prisoners went straight to Trubakov's mother-in-law.
Having safely reached a secure location, the fugitives parted ways. Zakhar Trubakov hid with relatives until October 1943, when the Germans expelled all the residents of the street from the city. After reaching the Kozhanka station with his family, Zakhar Abramovich went to the village of Romanovka, where two brothers and two sisters of his mother-in-law lived with their families. In the occupied village, Trubakov had to hide again: German radio operators unexpectedly arrived to stay in the house where they were staying. He was saved from exposure by women's clothing, in which Zakhar Abramovich walked out right under the Germans' noses and then took shelter in a neighbor's barn.
From Romanovka, the Trubakovs moved to a relative, Uncle Ignat, who lived on the Kozhanka farm. Just before the liberation, the Germans sent Zakhar Abramovich and Uncle Ignat to dig trenches near the farm, thinking they would all remain in that trench, but everything turned out fine. Completely demoralized by the Soviet offensive, the occupiers barely managed to escape. A Red Army penal company was hot on their heels. It should be noted that not all residents were happy about the return of Soviet power. Guessing that Trubakov was Jewish, one of the neighbors decided to vent his anger by ambushing him right on the porch. A bullet fired from a sawed-off shotgun flew a few centimeters from his head. The Trubakovs had to leave Kozhanka urgently.
Immediately after the liberation of Kyiv by the Red Army, Zakhar Trubakov, together with other surviving prisoners of the Syrets concentration camp, reported the atrocities of the German invaders in Babyn Yar to a special commission. In November 1943, in Kyiv, Moroz, Bystrov, and Soroka, who had betrayed their comrades preparing for escape in August 1943, were detained by them and handed over to the Regional Directorate of the NKGB.
Zakhar Trubakov, as one of the few survivors of the Syrets concentration camp, was interrogated repeatedly. He was also invited to high-profile trials against Nazi criminals that took place in the late sixties in Germany. In 1980, Zakhar Abramovich again recalled his experiences, testifying in the case of the former commander of the police battalion, Johannes Piel, which was investigated by German law enforcement officers.
In 1990, together with his family, Zakhar Abramovich Trubakov repatriated to Israel. His memoirs from the sixties had already been used by the writer Anatoly Kuznetsov to prepare the famous documentary novel "Babi Yar," but in Israel, Zakhar Trubakov decided to publish a book of memoirs himself. In the chronicle novel "The Mystery of Babi Yar," he recounted the horrors and vileness of the occupation period. If the book had been published in the Soviet press, it would have undoubtedly been subjected to strict censorship.
The hero of the uprising in the Syrets concentration camp passed away on November 25, 1998. He was fortunate to outlive many of his friends and comrades who remained in the sands of Babi Yar or died on the fronts of the war against Nazism. Kyivan Zakhar Trubakov lived so that we would remember: this must never happen again.
Detailed documents revealing the history of the escape from the Syrets death camp will be available in the collection "'Syrets Camp' in the Documents of Soviet Special Services," which the NADAV Foundation is preparing for publication together with the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine and a team of Ukrainian historians. Stay tuned for updates!
24.09.2023
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Zakhar Trubakov
1912 – 1998
